Adventures in a Lifetime

Definition Essay Adventures in a Lifetime â€Å"An energizing or strange experience. † This is the manner by which the English Dictionary characterizes the word experience. Numerous individuals may characterize it in an alternate manner, yet not a solitary individual isn't right. Experience isn't exhausting, nor is it energizing. It is nevertheless both simultaneously, interlacing between the two. Experience is investigating the obscure, and doing things an individual isn’t ordinarily alright with. In any case, it additionally doesn't need to hold tight a rope off the side of a mountain.It can be anything from confronting new difficulties in school, to living off the land for 3 months in the forested areas. It's taking advantage of new lucky breaks, testing our assets against the obscure, and all the while, finding our own sole potential. It very well may be beginning to look all starry eyed at, getting your heart broken, and enduring the entire experience, despite the fact that it was so bleak at that point. Living through an encounter that has any kind of effect in your life, regardless of how little, can be the greatest experience of them all.One of the greatest undertakings we as a whole think about is Christopher Columbus who cruised over the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He would have liked to discover a course to India so as to exchange with others however wound up on this outside land, America. His experience was cruising to another land, yet making it a bigger experience without significance to. For what reason do we say he went on an undertaking? Not on the grounds that he left his usual range of familiarity, but since he went somewhere he has never been and had an encounter where he learned numerous new things.It may not be as tremendous as Columbus did, however we have all adventured multiple times throughout our life, regardless of whether we know it or not. Regardless of whether it’s simply something new to learn, or going somewhere never investigated, everyone has finished it. Going on an undertaking implies being striking, bold, courageous, and brave. Does that mean somebody needs to go skydiving or scuba plunging many feet into the sea? In no way, shape or form. Experience doesn’t even must be a physical demonstration; it tends to be a light inside the body that comes out somewhat more each day.Adventure isn't having a schedule each and every day nor is it contemplating what you will do straightaway. It’s living during without fail and encountering something new in the hours we are given. It very well may be from strolling into the darkest cavern known to man, to skipping through the most beautiful valley of blossoms on the planet. Each progression in a person’s life is another experience the individual has vanquished, and each new experience is another venturing stone eventually arriving at your last and ideal goal. Experience is living and encountering it to its highest capacity.It ca n be investigating oneself in manners no one else can. Gandhi is an ideal case of peering inside oneself and making it into an undertaking. He investigated inside his spirit to comprehend what he thought was correct and to discover what he truly needed to do to have any kind of effect in other’s lives. He took those emotions and caused it into a deep rooted experience of liberating others from the British guideline just as to better to the lives of India’s least fortunate classes. He experienced innumerable undertakings, extending from incredible to minor.

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Skilful Business

Question: Talk about the Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility for Skilful Business. Answer: Presentation Corporate social obligation is characterized as the skilful strategic policies attempted for expanding the cultural advantages. As per Bamber (2015), the upkeep of the effective CSR the executives can contribute the natural government assistance that guarantees the manageable improvement of the association. Particularly, in the car business, the CSR execution has to some degree become basic. The report is featuring the CSR the executives procedure embraced by Holden Car, Australia. The support of the CSR procedure will be highlighted by introducing the inside and out investigation of the conceptualized thought. The exercises embraced by Holden Car by improving CSR will likewise be depicted in this report. The commitment of the organization in the money related execution will likewise be talked about as far as portraying the CSR procedure. Focusing on these necessities, an organized and orderly report will be introduced further. Idea of CSR CSR is the condensing type of Corporate Social Responsibility, which decides the activities attempted by the organizations to fortify their serious position. Generally, the non-benefit associations actualize the skilful CSR plans to reinforce the business position and make the organization increasingly serious. In this present situation, the buyers are a lot of mindful of the expanding paces of the worldwide issues. Henceforth, it is required to take the correct activities to hold the shoppers by giving them the best possible advantages that can even contribute government assistance to the general public. The report has been connoting the CRS activities embraced by Holden Car, which is the famous car organization in Australia. It is noticed that the car ventures need to give more consideration towards the CSR exercises since the extricated fuel may cause the air contamination in a noteworthy way. The general public and the earth may confront the challenges because of the emanations o f CO2 from the vehicles. The report will therefore introduce the CSR procedure attempted by the organization to keep up the feasible situation in the market. Holden Car: Business Case for CSR The current globalized world has been guaranteeing the advanced patterns in a noticeable way. In thinking about the CSR activities, GM Holden converged with World Environmental Center (WEC) to ad lib the ecological exhibition. The organization has been advancing the green gracefully anchor the executives to advance the CSR execution. In the underlying stage, headquarter of GM Holden in Melbourne stepped up to the plate of advancing such CSR execution. Afterward, a portion of the providers from Victoria and South Australia likewise joined by joining to this activity. The chief of the organization acknowledged such program embraced by GM Holden, which can ad lib the maintainability the board of the organization. The program has been embraced to set the drawn out responsibility in supporting the improvement of the vehicle business in Australia. Since, WEC is the worldwide, non-benefit and free associations, it was useful for GM Holden to advance the ecological government assistance prog ram to keep up the supportability. Holden Car: Business body of evidence against CSR The upkeep of the CSR is one of the most fundamental sections for building up the economical business the executives. It is to be shown that the car businesses have been focusing on the quality and wellbeing parts of the vehicles that are to be offered to the clients. Notwithstanding, the significant issue have been found in keeping up the security and the wellbeing of the vehicle proprietors. It was accounted for that a considerable lot of the vehicles fabricated by GM Holden have the quality issues in the car parts (Bamber 2015). Henceforth, the outflows of CO2 and other dirtying gases have been influencing nature. In addition, the motors are additionally comprised of low quality materials. Consequently, the organization has been confronting such potential issues with the CSR exercises. CSR exercises attempted by GM Holden GM Holden has caught one of the most noteworthy places in dealing with the CSR approaches. A portion of the extensive and considerable activities have been embraced by the organization to guarantee the accomplishment of the reasonable position. GM Holden has been fortifying the business position through guaranteeing the standards forced for utilizing the vehicles. It builds the wellbeing confirmation while driving the vehicles. The organization has been in any event, focusing on the waste decrease process also. The water bottles are reused to make Chevy Equinox Part, which is usable during the assembling procedure of the car motors. Aside from making such progress in these portions, the organization was even granted with a significant number of the skilful activities speaking to CSR exercises. Undertaking such CSR approaches is considered as the main thrust for obtaining the main situation in the serious business showcase. They have been skilfully perceived by the CSR-rating organization and scored the tenth situation in the RepTrak positioning. The notoriety building is the consequence of undertaking the productive CSR process. It is obviously that if any association keeps up the highlighted and viable corporate social duties, it encourages them to accomplish the rumored position in the serious business showcase. Likewise, the activities guaranteed by GM Holden in Australia are additionally determining the serious situation in the business advertise. It is even useful in fortifying the business position. GM Holden has been focusing on the feasible future by dealing with the correct CSR activities. It is accounted for that GM Holden has recorded nearly $89.7 million in the time of 2011, which has been set apart as the positive budgetary outcome (Beal and Neesham 2016). Be that as it may, the organization has even confronted a portion of the budgetary emergency because of the usage of such CSR plan. The botch of the CSR activities is considered as the significant purposes behind the money related emergency. Aside from a portion of the presentation results, the organization is tremendously profited with the best possible usage of the CSR plan. The expanding trade rates and the transportation exercises are additionally contributing the viable monetary advancement, which was reflected in the yearly business report. Because of such expanding money related execution, GM Holden has caught the second most noteworthy selling brand position in Australia. The piece of the pie even expanded up to 12.5% all the more explicitly. Along these lines, it very well may be gathered that the execution of the CSR activities has gotten viable enough for GM Holden in keeping up the supportable situation in the serious business showcase. All the more explicitly, the clients are abundantly happy with the offered car administrations, which can decide the more secure methodologies for the clients. Along these lines, it would be compelling enough for the organization to keep the advancement through the execution of the CSR activities. End The investigation incorporates the conversation of CSR approaches embraced by GM Holden Car. Every one of the associations attempts the successful CSR plan to reinforce the serious business position. Likewise, GM Holden has additionally caught the second biggest situation in actualizing the obvious CSR activities. The relationship with World Environmental Center (WEC) is powerful enough in advancing the green flexibly chain the executives. It helps in expanding the business gainfulness and estimating the presentation proficiency in a critical manner. Be that as it may, other than creating the productive results of the powerful CSR process, the organization has been confronting a few potential issues identified with the CSR the executives. It has been seen that the clients have been grumbling about the quality parameter of the motors just as the more secure methodologies for driving the vehicles. The issues related with these sections are thinking about the dangers for the organizatio n somewhat. Be that as it may, guaranteeing the tenth situation among the rumored organizations in Australia, the organization has reinforced the situation with much appreciation. In breaking down the monetary report, it has been seen that the usage of the best possible CSR exercises has made both the positive and the negative impacts. Other than the monetary emergency, the organization has even obtained fortified business position. References Bamber, G.J., 2015. Work frameworks and business relations in the Australian car fabricating industry.Members-just Library. Beal, B.D. what's more, Neesham, C., 2016. Fundamental corporate social obligation: small scale to-large scale advances, aggregate results, and self-regulation.Social Responsibility Journal,12(2).

What Does It Mean to Be Non-Binary or Enby

What Does It Mean to Be Non-Binary or Enby Relationships LGBTQ Print What Does It Mean to Be Non-Binary or Have Non-Binary Gender? By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD facebook twitter linkedin Elizabeth Boskey, PhD, MPH, CHES, is a social worker, adjunct lecturer, and expert writer in the field of sexually transmitted diseases. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Boskey, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on September 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on September 28, 2019 Jim Craigmyle / Getty Images More in Relationships LGBTQ Spouses & Partners Violence and Abuse In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Gender Identity? What Is the Gender Binary? Types of Non-Binary Gender Discussing Sexual Orientation Gender and Pronouns View All Back To Top Non-binary gender identity is just one term used to describe individuals who may experience a gender identity that is neither exclusively male or female or is in between or beyond both genders.?? Non-binary individuals may identify as gender fluid, agender (without gender), third gender, or something else entirely. Sometimes non-binary people are included in the broad category of transgender people. This represents an evolution as, historically, being transgender was often conceptualized as requiring a movement between binary genders. The notion that transgender people have to be moving towards male or female genders has been both particularly strong and particularly problematic in the medical community. What Is Gender Identity? A persons gender identity is their internal sense of themselves as male, female, or alternative gender. Cisgender people are those whose gender identity is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth. Conversely, transgender is an umbrella term used to describe the full range of people whose gender identity does not conform to what is typically associated with their sex assigned at birth.?? Gender identity is different from gender role or gender expression. While gender identity is an internal, deeply-rooted sense of self, gender expression is how a person externally expresses their gender identity. Its important to note that gender expression is how they present themselves and it may or may not correspond to a persons gender identity. Gender role is the collection of behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that society associates with a particular gender, in a given culture and time.?? The notion that men and women are fundamentally different and should behave in very specific ways is sometimes referred to as gender essentialism Gender is also different from sex and sexual orientation. While sex refers to a persons biologyâ€"chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomicalâ€"gender is a socially, culturally, and environmentally constructed term.?? Sexual orientation refers to a persons interest in people of the same sex, the opposite sex, both sexes, or neither sex. People of any sex can have any gender identity and sexual orientation. The concepts are independent.?? What Is the Gender Binary? The gender binary is the problematic notion that there are only two genders, and all individuals are either male or female. Some might argue that there are only two sexes, so there should only be two genders, but that argument is flawed. Although we categorize most infants into male or female, there is more diversity than that in terms of both sex and gender. The biology of sex is complex. Most people are XX or XY, but some people are XXY or XO. In addition, your chromosomes dont fully determine your sexual anatomy. Some people are XY women. Other people have bodies that fall between male and female, chromosomally, anatomically, or hormonally. Therefore, given the wide variety of sexual biology, it should not be surprising that there can also be a wide range of gender identity. Cultures around the world have recognized genders other than male and female throughout history.?? Its just that now we are developing an English language vocabulary to describe the spectrum of gender identity we see. Types of Non-Binary Gender Non-binary is both a gender identity and a catch-all term to describe gender identities other than strictly male or female. While there are many types of non-binary gender, some are more commonly discussed than others. These include:?? Agender: Having no specific gender identity or having a gender identity that is neutral. Sometimes used interchangeably with gender neutral, genderless, or neutrois.Bigender: Having two distinct gender identities or expressions, either simultaneously, at different times, or in different situations.Genderfluid: Moving between two or more gender identities or expressions.Genderqueer: A catch-all term for individuals with non-binary gender identities.Non-Binary: The umbrella term covering all gender identities and expressions outside the gender binary. Also referred to as NB or enby.Third Gender: Having a gender identity or expression that is not defined in terms of the binary options (male/female, masculine/feminine). May also be referred to as third sex or othergender. Discussing Sexual Orientation Have you ever noticed that discussing your sexual orientation means disclosing your gender identity? Sexual orientation words are generally used to draw a comparison between someones gender identity and the gender of the people theyre attracted to. For example, if you are someone attracted to men and identify as heterosexual, your gender is almost certainly female. However, for those who do not want to disclose their gender identity, there are other words for talking about sexual orientation that focus on the people someone finds attractive while keeping their own gender out of the discussion. This can be especially helpful for people who are non-binary or gender fluid and want to talk about the people theyre attracted to. To get around the limitations of words such as heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual, some people describe their sexual orientation as gynosexual, androsexual, or both. A person who is gynosexual is sexually attracted to women (gyno- is the Greek prefix used to describe things related to women/females). A person who is androsexual is attracted to men (andro- is the Greek prefix used to describe things related to men/males). Gender and Pronouns People who are non-binary may use gender-neutral pronouns. Although there are a variety of gender-neutral pronouns, the most commonly used one is the singular they. For people who use gender-neutral pronouns, instead of referring to a non-person as he or she, they are referred to as they.?? It can be difficult for some people to get used to using the singular they, but it gets easier with practice. If you think about it, many people use the singular they whenever theyre referring to an abstract person or someone whose gender they dont know. (The singular they is used twice in the previous sentence, and most people probably didnt notice.) Its not that much harder to use the singular they to refer to people whose gender identity is not well described by male or female. It is, however, far more polite than misgendering them because its easier than respecting their identity. 4 Things to Understand About People Living With Being Intersex

Canada s Production, Distribution, And Energy Resources...

Canada’s production, distribution, and use of energy resources, such as oil and natural gas had been undergoing long history of development that still persists until today. The industrialization of the sixties, and market-oriented economy of today initiated heavy reliance on natural resources extraction across the country, whether it is oil and gas, nuclear power, or timber production. Digging deeper, Canada is dependent on oil and gas production, with oil sands making up 90% of Canada’s reserves that are mainly concentrated in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin as well as well as in the Pacific Morgan Sedimentary Basin, that stretch along Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan (National Energy Board, 2014). Alberta appoints majority of oil sands production at the national level, then it is exported to the international market, mainly to the US, utilizing pipelines as modes of transportation. Needless to say, that the exploitation of oil and gas created polarizing relationships between the economy and the environment at the municipal, provincial, and national levels. The phenomenon of the oil and gas production in Canada plays into environmental concerns of Climate Change in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, violations of First Nations land rights, vulnerability on an international market, and long-term ecological consequences, such as air and water pollution, oil spills and leaks, and etc., over â€Å"economic† benefits. As noted earlier,Show MoreRelatedOil And Natural Gas Is An Indispensable Part Of Human Beings1091 Words   |  5 Pageswater resources occupies an extremely important position in the national economy, and is indispensable for human survival and development of social resources. Oil and natural gas is an important energy resource. In modern civilized society, if not the energy, all the modern material civilization will disappear. 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Multiculturalism Is Truly A Weapon Ran By Political...

Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is defined in itself as it relates to a society made up of different ethnic backgrounds accepting all regardless of their race, the language they speak, their religion, and their believes. There are many faces of multiculturalism as it can refer to â€Å"A demographic fact, a particular set of philosophical ideas, or a specific orientation by government or institutions toward a diverse population.† (Bloemraad, 2011) Multiculturalism is truly a weapon ran by political aspects. Multicultural education is build up to create equal education opportunities for all culture students including ethnic and diverse racial. The main goal for multicultural education is to obtain knowledge and skills needed to communicate and interact with others from different cultures. The purpose if this is to create a better society for moral purposes. However, there are disadvantages and advantages when it comes to multiculturalism. It is important for teachers to do e xtreme research before teaching their students about different cultures. I recommended for teachers to have a guest speaker from the culture they are currently teaching in order for the students to comprehend and connect to that particular culture background. Nonetheless, multicultural education is a education movement built upon American values. The problem with multicultural education is not all people feel the same way towards it. When it comes to classroom learning, the population of a certainShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesDavid M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral SocietiesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, IncRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEnvironment 312 Learning Outcomes 312 Introduction 314 The Occupational Safety and Health Act 314 OSHA Inspection Priorities 314 OSHA Record-Keeping Requirements 316 OSHA Punitive Actions 317 OSHA: A Resource for Employers 320 Areas of Emphasis 320 Education and Training 320 Assisting Employers in Developing a Safer Workplace 323 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement 323 Worksite Analysis 323 Hazard Prevention and Control 324 Retirement Benefits 297 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Flying High No More:

Change King Lear Free Essays

Why is change inevitable? Why is it feared by many but then embraced with open arms by others? Change is the cause to be different, the process or result of altering. And although changes may be difficult and problematic, they often DO bring rewards to those who undergo them. But that doesn’t mean every change has a happy ending. We will write a custom essay sample on Change King Lear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students, friends, I’m here before you today to discuss with you the concept of change and its results, and with the help of arguably the most influential writer in English literature – William Shakespeare – and his play ‘King Lear’, as well as the movie â€Å"Life as a House’ and the famous Bob Dylan song ‘The Times They Are a Changin’’. With these texts, I’m going to distinguish and expose the outcomes and arduousness of change. The natural order – or in other words, the physical universe considered as an unchanging structure of life – in King Lear is absolute and when pushed, it pushes back. The most obvious example where the natural order is changed is at the beginning of the play when King Lear divides his Kingdom between his daughters. Regan and Goneril represent King Lear’s sinister attitude at the start with traits such as cruelty and greed. Their deception is seen when the two daughters use exaggerations of love to deceive the King for power. Goneril claims she loves her father, â€Å"As much as child e’er loved, or father found; a love that makes breath poor and speech unable†. But youngest daughter Cordelia –who represents the softer, purer nature of King Lear after he experiences an inner change- is seen to rebel against Lear by claiming her love as â€Å"†¦ according to my bond, no more nor less. † This scene spins the ‘wheel’ of change, beginning the random suffering of the members of the kingdom and creates the dire repercussions that follow. Bob Dylan’s ‘The Times They Are a Changin’’ states ‘Don’t speak too soon for the wheel’s still in spin and there’s no tellin’ who that it’s namin’’ which reinforces the metaphor seen in King Lear that entails how change is happening continually, without word of who it will affect and that once one change comes the ‘wheel’ will continue to ‘spin’ and will just keep on bringing more change, both good and bad. The continuing chain of change is reflected in ‘Life as a House’ when not only the two main characters – George and Sam – are affected by the change of their relationship and their journey of inner change, but when the whole community are affected by change also. When George is admitted into hospital, the whole neighbourhood changes their opinion of him as the town nuisance and begin to provide their time and service to ensure his dream of building a house is finished. This is shown through camera shots moving amongst those working on the house. The husband of George’s ex-wife also goes through some inner changes shown through costume changes and changes in his body language. The once ‘snobby’ business man becomes more of a laid-back family guy when he realises he may lose both his wife and kids if he doesn’t change; creating a sense that his family is his reward for changing himself for the better. ‘The Times They Are a Changin’’ implies that ‘history is in the making’; that a change is coming whether you are ready for it or not. A line in his first stanza reads ‘Accept it that soon you’ll be drenched to the bone’, which is seen as an extended metaphor of ‘water’, where the water represents change. Change is eternal; just as water is. It will never cease to exist and like a flood, it will come whether predicted or not, sweeping away those who are not prepared for it; for if you’re not riding the ‘wave’ of change, you’ll find yourself submerged in it. The line ‘Then you better start swimming or you’ll sink like a stone’ is used to further enforce the outcome of life is you don’t adapt to change; that these ‘changes’ will drown you. This metaphor of ‘water’ is not only representing change, but also the process of change itself. Bob Dylan shows this through his lyrics that the journey undertaken to stay ‘afloat’ may be difficult, but brings rewards and happiness to those who undergo them successfully, as says in his words ‘For the loser now will be later to win’ and ‘The slow one now will later be fast’. During the movie ‘Life as a House’, both the father George and the son Sam jump off a cliff – at different stages of the movie – and plunge themselves into the ocean. The ocean symbolises change, and their jump represents their willingness to take the leap of faith into it regardless of the risk to change their life. Both of these characters have undertaken many hard times during their life, whether it be depression, losing their job or an extreme medical condition, but throughout it all they still manage to stay ‘afloat’ and embrace change into their lives; letting it alter them as they become new people. Unlike Bob Dylan’s song and ‘Life as a House’, ‘King Lear’ perspective on change doesn’t exactly bring rewards to those who undertake tough changes. In Act Three, King Lear finds himself caught in a storm that represents both the insanity infecting King Lear’s mind and the process of change that has been placed before him. Once again nature symbolises change; where it is seen to be the sinister quality used to exploit the weaknesses of the protagonist and is inescapable and inevitable, just like nature itself. Lear’s decline in power over both his kingdom and his family reduces him to a weak, mad man and through the storm Lear has found himself unable to stop the change that is occurring in his kingdom and that he cannot hide from the destruction that it is bringing. Willingly or not, King Lear must change himself and deal with the consequences of his actions, or drown trying. ‘Come mothers and fathers throughout the land and don’t criticise what you can’t understand. Your sons and your daughters are beyond your command. ’ This line from Dylan’s song was composed during the sixties when the younger generations were testing boundaries and moving away from the authority of their parents. I’m sure most of us here have dealt with boundary issues with parents before, so we can all understand why Dylan was giving these parents – who don’t understand or accept the changes within a society – a choice to step back if they are unwilling to change and to help by ‘lending a hand’. This step towards change within both society and families is represented as the reward at the end of the tunnel; not only satisfying the younger generation, but to the whole community. In ‘Life as a House’, the house that is being built is used as a metaphor of the relationship between father and son. At the beginning, the house is a rundown little shack reflecting the state of George and Sam’s relationship at the beginning. George is viewed as the naive parent who doesn’t understand their kid, and Sam is the child who is trying to move away from the authority of his parents. We’re all been there and done that, so we all know what it feels like to be in Sam’s position. But as the house is being pulled down and rebuilt, it symbolises how George rebuilds his relationship with Sam through the building of the house. The change shows on both the house and the family’s relationship, by putting everything that was ever wrong right. This transformation of the house and the relationship is seen as the happy ending brought by change to the family. Lear doesn’t understand his daughters just as George doesn’t understand Sam. He doesn’t know his two eldest daughters well enough to realise the deception behind their love for him as they proclaim it, and he doesn’t understand his youngest daughter Cordelia as he doesn’t recognise just how much she really does love him. King Lear banishes Cordelia along with his loyal subject Kent with a growing ‘blindness’. He says to Cordelia, â€Å"Hence, and avoid my sight† as he also says to Kent, â€Å"Out of my sight. † further showing his ignorance or ‘blindness’ of those who truly care about him. Throughout the play, Lear rebuilds his relationship with Cordelia by experiencing an inner change throughout the play, just as Sam changes himself when George rebuilds his relationship with him. But it is obviously too late for redemption as King Lear – along with many others – die as a consequence of interfering with the dark side of change. Change is inevitable. But it’s up to you to make the best of it. Because nothing worth having in this world comes easily, and although those changes may be difficult and problematic, they almost certainly bring rewards to those who undergo them. Even if they don’t always end the way you expect. How to cite Change King Lear, Papers

We Are Not Afraid to Die free essay sample

The author took the following steps to protect the ship when the rough weather began: * He grabbed the rails and sailed through the air into the ship’s main boom. * He found the wheel, lined up the stern for the next wave and hung on. * He managed to stretch canvas and secure waterproof hatch covers across the gaping holes. * He connected an electric pump to an out-pipe. (ii)  To check the flooding of water in the ship, he connected an electric pump to an out-pipe. Later, after 36 hours of continuous pumping, they reached the last centimeters of water. Talking about the text 1)When faced with danger, the author and his wife started losing hope and thought that their end was near. However, when the children were hurt and badly caught in danger, they remained optimistic and assured their parents in  turn. They didn’t fear death as long as they were with their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on We Are Not Afraid to Die or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When the adults reached a state of complete despair, the children cheered them up and gave them courage by drawing a card which read, â€Å"Oh, how I love you both. So this card is to say thank you and let’s hope for the best. † 2Optimism helps to reduce â€Å"the direct stress†. This can be verified with the instance where the level of perseverance rose in the author after seeing the caricatures of him and Mary, drawn by the children. Optimism also rose when  Sue  said, â€Å"we’re not afraid of dying if we can all be together. Optimism raises one’s spirits and helps one overcome stress and difficulty. TUT 1v)Amun represented the essential and the hidden. Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun as soon as he took the throne because it meant the living image of Amun- a very important God in Egyptian theology. 2)i)When he became the new pharaoh, he promoted the worship of the Aten, the sun disk, and changed his name to Akhenaten, or ‘servant of the Aten’. He moved the religious capital from the old city of Thebes to the new city of Akhetaten, known now as Amarna. He further shocked the entire nation when he ame to throne, by attacking Amun, a very major god of Greek mythology. He smashed his images and closed all his temples. ii)The advancements in technology can be seen from relying on results of X-ray to focussing on computed tomography, commonly known as CT scan. In this, hundreds of X-rays are put together in cross-section, like slices of bread to create a three-dimensional virtual body. This change in forensic analysis has helped in researching on dead bodies to a great deal.

A beginners guide on how to become a teacher

A beginners guide on how to become a teacher Few people have the power to affect others’ lives as much as teachers do. From childhood classrooms to continuing education programs (because it’s never too late to be a student), teachers bring that educational expertise and commitment to their own career paths, choosing a profession that may not make them millionaires, but can bring incredible fulfillment. If you’re thinking about this profession as a student or as a career changer, we’ve got the tools you’ll need to get started- and to succeed once you become a teacher. What do you want to teach?First, it’s important to think about what you want to teach. Are you better with young kids or are you more into subjects better suited to high schoolers or college students, like advanced math or English? Sometimes picking that specialty is easy- maybe you’ve already got a passion for conjugating French verbs or are a whiz with kids who are just learning how to do the basics. If you know yo u want to be an educator but aren’t sure yet what path to take, it can’t hurt to start with a little quiz and some background info about different kinds of teaching careers.What Grade Should You Teach Based on Your Personality?10 fulfilling teaching jobs that pay more than $60k per yearHow to jumpstart your career in educationHow to become a paraprofessionalHow to become a substitute teacherHow to become a kindergarten teacher10 teaching jobs you can get outside the classroomOr maybe you’re not trying to figure out what you want to teach, so much as the why. What does the teaching field look like? What can you expect once you get in the classroom? Is it even a good fit for you? Now is the time to figure that out.A quick guide to understanding what it takes to be a teacher5 reasons teaching might not be for youWhere are the best paying teacher jobs?Once you’ve decided, â€Å"Okay, this is what I want to do,† it’s time to pick the where. Teach ing can be totally different depending on where you are- an urban classroom in Chicago may have very little in common with a rural classroom in Texas. There’s also the matter of salary. The common saying goes that teachers are chronically underpaid for everything they do, but the pay can vary pretty widely depending on where you are. If you have some geographic flexibility, it’s worth looking around the country to see where you can make the most out of your teaching salary, looking at factors like the pay itself and the cost of living. And don’t discount the â€Å"where will you be happy?† factor. If you pick Alaska due to the crazy high teacher salaries, but hate the cold, then that impacts your quality of life, and ultimately your career as well.One of the best things about teaching is that the skills are transferrable- the main difference between teaching in one place and another is that each state has different requirements, so when you’re scop ing out a place to stake your teaching career, be sure to check out what kind of training and certification are necessary for the level you want to teach.The top-paying cities for teachersThe teacher job searchThe first step on your teaching job hunt, as with any job search, is getting your resume and cover letter in order. Because education and certification are so important for future teachers, it’s important to make those elements shine in your application package, even if you don’t yet have a ton of teaching experience.Check out the following information on creating your best possible resume.Strategies for writing an ideal teacher resumeHow to write a perfect teaching resume (examples included)Does your resume pass this key checklist?Resume summaries- how to write and use themPowerful Action Verbs That Will Make Your Resume Look Like a Million BucksAnd here are some tips for writing a cover letter to get you noticed:Cover letter guide: Writing your best cover lette r for 2017How to Write a Perfect Teacher Cover Letter (Examples Included)Preparing for the interviewAnd it’s not just the resume and cover letter you need to prep- the interview is a key part of the process, whether you’re looking at your first in-person interview for a teaching job, or an interview to help you move up a level in your career.Top 5 School Administrator Interview QuestionsThe ultimate guide on how to ace any job interview8 interview strategies for introvertsDon’t underestimate the power of your interview outfit- as a teacher, you’ll be expected to look respectable and professional in the classroom and out of it. For teaching jobs, it’s best to err on the side of a conservative outfit. You don’t want to scandalize the interviewer, and make them think that you’ll show up at school in something inappropriate for kids.The 5 types of interview outfitsAs a teacher, it’s also important to have an elevator pitch beyond à ¢â‚¬Å"I’m a teacher,† or â€Å"I’m a recent grad who wants to teach.† Your elevator pitch can help you craft the narrative of who you are as a teacher, and what you value most as an educator.How to create your elevator pitch and get hiredIn the classroomOnce you’ve gotten past the job search and are thinking ahead toward settling in the classroom, there are also some tips and insights you should keep in mind even before day one of teaching.10 tips all new teachers should know10 TED Talks to inspire teachersWhatever you encounter on the road to becoming a teacher, remember: you’re choosing a path that many people are just not willing or ready to take. We want to do everything we can to help you achieve your own goals as you take on the joys and challenges of teaching. Good luck!

Free Essays on Sears Tower

SEARS TOWER The Petrona Towers in Malaysia may hold the world’s tallest building title, but the Sears Tower is the tallest building in North America. . (BENNET p.40) The functions of skyscrapers are usually for commercial use. The Sears Tower is a fine example of it, not only for being the headquarters for Sears it was named the â€Å"Home Insurance Building.† The Reliance Building in Chicago was built in 1895, it was fifteen stories high, and it used a semi rigid steel frame. The rigid steel frame was held together with steel beams and connected by rivets. (BENNET p.44) Over the years steel and concrete productions and new technologie reach a higher level, architects use these new materials to reach a greater height in the designs of skyscrapers. The Sears Tower is studied by architects and engineers for it is extraordinary architectural design. The Sears Tower became the tallest building in the world in May of 1973, in Chicago, Illinois when the final beam was positioned and bolted in place. It was an exhilarating day for every person who had a love of skyscrapers. The Sears Tower surpassed the previous record holder, the World Trade Center in Manhattan that was done in 1972 and before that the Empire State Building held the record since 1931. The Sears Tower was built for Sears Roebuck & Company the world’s largest retail store. Sears was growing at an enormous rate and needed more office space for the company’s growing popula... Free Essays on Sears Tower Free Essays on Sears Tower SEARS TOWER The Petrona Towers in Malaysia may hold the world’s tallest building title, but the Sears Tower is the tallest building in North America. . (BENNET p.40) The functions of skyscrapers are usually for commercial use. The Sears Tower is a fine example of it, not only for being the headquarters for Sears it was named the â€Å"Home Insurance Building.† The Reliance Building in Chicago was built in 1895, it was fifteen stories high, and it used a semi rigid steel frame. The rigid steel frame was held together with steel beams and connected by rivets. (BENNET p.44) Over the years steel and concrete productions and new technologie reach a higher level, architects use these new materials to reach a greater height in the designs of skyscrapers. The Sears Tower is studied by architects and engineers for it is extraordinary architectural design. The Sears Tower became the tallest building in the world in May of 1973, in Chicago, Illinois when the final beam was positioned and bolted in place. It was an exhilarating day for every person who had a love of skyscrapers. The Sears Tower surpassed the previous record holder, the World Trade Center in Manhattan that was done in 1972 and before that the Empire State Building held the record since 1931. The Sears Tower was built for Sears Roebuck & Company the world’s largest retail store. Sears was growing at an enormous rate and needed more office space for the company’s growing popula...

The potato chip industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The potato chip industry - Essay Example The change in the market structure of the potato chip industry will have a few effects upon the stakeholders. A monopoly market structure tends to risk the freedom of the consumer, but businesses can enjoy the advantages of a pure monopoly while at the same time protecting the consumer from subsequent exploitation characteristic of a monopoly. Characteristics of a Competitive Monopoly A monopoly competition is characterized by a number of distinct values. Normally, there exists a number of small businesses that produce identical goods but with minimal differences. These small firms end up having competition for their products in the market. Some of the hurdles that entrants of a business line or an industry experience include barriers involving government policies, creation of demand for products, research and development costs, and start-up and so on. However, in the case of a competitive monopoly, the firms involved do not have experience these (Ackerman, Goodwin & Weissskopf, 2009 ). Due to the demand created for their products. More often than not, demand exceeds supply for the product in question and therefore the business try to compete for a larger share of available demand. In relation to this, the potato chip industry had a monopolistic competition for their products before the lawyers came and took over the industry. The market structure for the potato chip industry experienced minimal price control due to the reason that it was a competitive monopoly. Effects of Pure Monopoly to the Stakeholders Every business has a number of stakeholders, who may have interest in the company due to one or more reasons. The stakeholders of any company include, but are not limited to consumers, suppliers, government, creditors and owners/shareholders. A pure monopoly market affects the stakeholders in different ways depending on the benefits that they attain from their relationship with the company (Hall & Liberman, 2001). When the two lawyers bought up the entire indu stry, they wanted to be able to exercise pure monopoly in the potato chips industry in Northwest region. Particularly being the sole owners of the entire industry in the region, the partners are able to enjoy price control to the detriment of the consumers of this product. This way they can maximize their profits. The consumers of the potatoes in the Northwest region will have several major adverse effects from the monopolistic practices of Wonk Company. Firstly, the prices of the potato chips will shoot up meaning that the consumers will spend more for the same products that were once affordable. For the reason that Wonk Company does not experience competition, it is possible that the products will decline in quality and as a consequence the consumers will suffer the effect. The suppliers from whom the potato chip businesses bought their products will also experience a hit. Wonk Company will attempt to practice price control of the products that they acquire from their suppliers. A s a result, many of the suppliers such as farmers will have to look for alternative markets for their potatoes. Otherwise, Wonk will buy the products at low prices and farmers will suffer the effects of the monopolistic market. Impacts of Monopoly on Prices, Output and Efficiency Davies puts forward the fact that

Roman Polanski's Macbeth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Roman Polanski's Macbeth - Research Paper Example He has been able to visually entrance the viewers into a universe of natural elements of rain and mist, gray dawns and clammy dusks, as well as transport them to an era where hoof-beats and trumpets were the only sounds that emanated from the streets of a European town. (Anderegg, M.) Polanski had a simple vision in mind while executing the movie; he wanted to make the character of Macbeth know what his actions would ultimately serve him and he has been able to deliver every character, even Macduff, with great justice. Every single person within the film seems to have been pushed by some or the other circumstance bequeathed upon them and thus every scene becomes motivated with several ideas that make the movie so enthralling to watch. A number of critics therefore say that since this film is actually an original take on the tragedy and not an interpretation of Shakespeare’s dialogues, it should rightfully called ‘Polanski’s Macbeth’. (Ebert, Roger) Many state that this film is one of the most pessimistic pieces of art made by Polanski and his final ending of having crowned another king adds to this suspicion. He has taken very few liberties with Shakespeare’s work and has aimed at orchestrating the visual content in order to transform it into a move goer’s delight while tampering with the realizations that people have while watching the film on screen. This is primarily how Polanski’s personal creative visualization sets him apart from other directors. He has also aimed to increase the roles of certain characters within the film who he feels did not get much leverage when Shakespeare wrote the play. For example, in the fifth scene, he has placed a great deal more importance on Lady Macbeth by increasing her presence on screen. This further helps to add continuity to the film as well as adds to building a sense of horror among the other characters and events that take place during the course of the film. Polanski is also

COPD Case Study Assignment

COPD Case Study Assignment 1) CASE SUMMARY Mr TLT is a 58 year old taxi driver who was admitted to Hospital Batu Pahat due to newly diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He has had hypertension for the past one year and is taking T Amlodipine 5mg od. He is also a chronic smoker for the past 40 years who smokes about 20 sticks of cigarettes a day. Mr TLT presented with shortness of breath which progressively increased in severity for the past 4 days. The shortness of breath was associated with a wheeze. There was also cough with production of mucoid sputum. The dyspnoea occurred after an episode of upper respiratory tract infection. Mr TLT has been having intermittent chronic cough associtaed with mucoid sputum for the past 3 years. He has also been having persistent breathlessness for the past 1 year especially on exertion. He has not sought treatment prior to this admission. On physical examination, Mr TLT was tacypnoiec with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute. There was no cyanosis. Repiratory system examination showed use of accesory muscles as well as increased anterior posterior diameter of the chest and reduced cricosternal distance. On auscultation, vesicular breathing was heard with generalised rhonchi and coarse early inspiratory crepitations at the lower zone of both lungs. The cardiovascular system examination was normal. There were no other abnormalities on physical examination. Investigations done include chest plain radiograph which showed a hyperinflated chest, tubular heart and absence of vascular markings at the peripheries. The ECG showed sinus rhythm with low voltage. No P pulmonale indicative of right atiral hypertrophy seen. A working diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive airway disease due to upper respiratory tract infection was made. Mr TLT was given nebulization of ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and normal saline for 2 times. His symptoms improved after being given the nebulization. He was discharged after three days when the dyspnoea had resolved. He was given metered dose inhaler of Ipratropium Bromide 40microgrammes tds and MDI salbutamol 200microgrammes PRN. He was given an appointment to assess his symptoms at the outpatient department in one month time. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO : M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR : Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine PATIENTS DETAILS I/C NUMBER : 510912-01-6343 AGE : 58 SEX : Male DATE OF ADMISSION : 2 June 2009 R/N NUMBER : 1143451 2) CLINICAL HISTORY Chief complaint: Mr TLT is a 58 year old taxi driver who presented with shortness of breath for the past four days. History of present illness: Mr TLT is a chronic smoker for the past 40 years who has been smoking about twenty sticks of cigarettes a day. He had been diagnosed with hypertension for the past one year and is currently on T Amlodipine 5 mg od. Mr TLT has been having intermittent chronic cough for the past 3 years. The cough is productive at times. The sputum produced is mucoid in nature and about one tablespoonful in amount. There is no blood in the sputum. It is also not foul-smelling. Mr TLT then proceeded to have shortness of breath for the past one year. The dyspnoea is persistently present and described as requiring increased effort to breathe. It is worse on exertion and Mr TLT experinces reduced effort tolerance. He is now able to climb one and a half flights of stairs before becoming breathless. He has not consulted any doctors for these symptoms prior to admission. Mr TLT then developed symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as rhinorrhea and sore throat one week prior to admission. He had fever of 38 degress celcius at that time which resolved with paracetamol. He also had a productive cough with mucoid sputum at this time. Mr TLT then developed increasing shortness of breath 4 days prior to admission. The shortness of breath worsened over the 4 days and was associated with noisy breathing. He was breathless even at rest but was still able to speak in sentences. There was also an increase in cough as well as production of sputum. The sputum was mucoid and non purulent. He also did not notice any blueness around his lips or at his fingers. Systemic review: There was no loss of appetite or loss of weight. He had mild ankle oedema but no other signs of heart failure such as orthopnoea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. Past medical history Mr TLT has not had any hospital admissions prior to this. He was diagnosed with hypertension last year as an incidental finding during a visit to the kilinik kesihatan for an upper respiratory tract infection. He is currently taking tablet Amlodipine 5 mg once daily. Family history Mr TLT is the eldest of 5 siblings. There is a strong family history of hypertension in that his mother as well as two other siblings are also hypertensive. There is no family history of asthma, diabetes or ischaemic heart disease. Social history Mr TLT used to work as a taxi driver but has stopped working full time 2 years ago. He still occasionally drives his taxi but spends more time at home with his family. He is a chronic smoker for the past 40 years and smokes about 20 sticks of cigarrettes a day. He drinks alcohol with his friends on weekends. He drinks one to two bottles of beer each time. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine ____________________________________________________________________________ 3) FINDINGS ON CLINICAL EXAMINATION On general examination, Mr TLT was well nourished and alert but was tachypnoiec. He was able to speak in sentences but there was use of his accessory muscles. There was no clubbing or cyanosis seen. There was also no peripheral oedema, pallor or jaundice. Vital signs: Pulse rate: 72 beats per minute, regular with good volume. No bounding pulse. Respiratory rate: 28 breaths per minute Blood pressure: 129/73 Temperature: 37 degrees Celsius SpO2: 95% under nasal prong oxygen 3 litres per minute Examination of the respiratory system: On inspection of the hands, there was no peripheral cyanosis or flapping tremors seen. There was also no clubbing, muscle wasting or palmar erythema seen. There was presence of nicotine stains. The jugular venous pressure is mildly elevated at 3.5 cm above the sternal angle. On palpation of the trachea, the trachea is central but the cricosternal distance is 2 fingers which is reduced. The apex beat could not be palpated. On inspection of the chest, there is an increased anterior posterior diameter giving rise to a barrel shaped chest. The chest moves equally with respiration and there is use of accessory mucles with intercostal, subcostal and suprasternal retraction. There are no chest wall deformities. On palpation, chest expansion is reduced on both sides. Tactile fremitus is equal on both sides. On percussion, there is hyperresonance over both lungs with loss of liver and cardiac dullness. On auscultation vesicular breathing is heard. There is generalised expiratory rhonchi. There is also fine early inspiratory crepitations heard at the lower zones of both lungs. Examination of the cardiovascular system: The apex beat could not be palpated. There were no parasternal heaves or thrills palpable. On auscultation, normal first and second heart sounds were heard. There was mild bilateral pitting oedema. Examination of the abdomen: On inspection, the abdomen is flat and moves with respiration. There was no guarding or tenderness. The liver and spleen were not palpable. There was no organomegaly. Examination of the neurological system was normal. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 4) PROVISIONAL AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES WITH REASONING Provisional diagnosis: Acute exacerbation of newly diagnosed chronic obstructive airway disease due to upper respiratory tract infection. Evidence for: Patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD) usually present with a persistent dyspnoea and reduced effort tolerance which was present in the history given by Mr TLT. He is also at increased risk of developing COPD due to exposure to associated risk factors such as tobacco smoke. He has been a chronic smoker for the past 40 years. There is also the presence of chronic cough occasionally associated with mucoid sputum which further suggests COPD. Physical findings of a hyperinflated chest and vesicular breathing with generalised expiratory rhonchi also point to an obstructive airway disease. During this admission Mr TLT had increasing severity of shortness of breath even at rest. This was associated with a wheeze that was described as noisy breathing. Sudden worsening of symptoms suggest an episode of acute exacerbation. The history of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms suggest that it was the trigger for this episode of exacerbation. Differential diagnosis: 1) Congestive cardiac failure. Mr TLT may have developed congestive cardiac failure as a primary event or as a complication of chronic lung disease. There is history of reduced effort tolerance. Patients with congestive cardiac failure may also present with a wheeze and sudden increase in dyspnoea. Physical examination of fine crepitations at both bases of the lungs may also indicate congestive cardiac failure. There is also evidence of mildly raised JVP as well as mild pittint ankle oedema. Evidence against: There is no history of any cause of heart failure such as ischaemic heart disease or cardiac valve defect. Mr TLTs previous records during follow-up show well controlled blood pressure. Additional investigations need to be carried out in order to rule out this condition. A chest plain radiograph may be done in order to look for evidence of heart failure such as cardiomegaly. An ECG may be done to look for right atrial hypertrophy. An echocardiogram should also be performed in order to assess the function of the ventricles. 2) Bronchiectasis Patients with bronchiectasis have a history of chronic cough as well as production of copious amounts of sputum. They may also have persistent shortness of breath, reduced effort tolerance and wheeze. Evidence against: The sputum produced by Mr TLT is mucoid in nature and not purulent which is typical in bronchiectasis. It is also not copious and foul smelling in nature. On physical examination, coarse crepitations would be heard in bronchiectasis as opposed to the fine crepitations heard in Mr TLT. There is also no evidence of clubbing. Chest plain radiograph should be done in order to look for thickened bronchial walls or cystic shadows. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 5) IDENTIFY AND PRIORITISE THE PROBLEMS 1. Shortness of breath and reduced effort tolerance Mr TLTs chief complaint is shortness of breath. This may be attributed to the increase in number of goblet cells and later on fibrosis of the bronchial walls causing airway obstruction seen in chronic obstructive airway disease. The shortness of breath may be partially relieved with the use of nebulization of ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and normal saline or with the use of metered dose inhalers. Chest physiotherapy may also be useful. Mr TLT also has had reduced effort tolerance and persistent dyspnoea for the past a year. As such he may require the use of ipratropium bromide in a metered dose inhaler upon discharge in order to feel less breathless due to the bronchodilator effect of the ipratropium bromide. 2. Upper respiratory tract infection Mr TLT may require antibiotics as he still has symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection such as sore throat. Furthermore patients who present with an acute exacerbation are at greater risk of having a bacterial infection. This is because of the depressed immune state that the patient is in as a result of the acute illness as well as due to any steroids that would be given as part of the management plan. The appropriateness of usage of antibiotics in chronic obstructive airway disease will be further discussed below. 3. Adequate inhaler technique Mr TLT would need to be taught about the correct technique to be used when using metered dose inhalers. He would probably require daily use of ipratropium bromide metered dose inhalers to reduce his breathlessness. In the event that he is unable to learn proper technique, he may be encouraged to buy an aerochamber. 4. Smoking cessation Mr TLT should be counseled on smoking cessation as it has been proven that smoking cessation would alter the course of progression in COPD and is associated with lower all-cause mortality. He should be counseled on the various options of smoking cessation which will be discussed further below. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 6) PLAN OF INVESTIGATION, JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF TESTS OR PROCEDURES, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 1) Full Blood Count Justification: In order to view the total white count as well as the differential count to see if there is an infection which has caused this episode of exacerbation. There may also be secondary polycythemia if the patient has chronic pulmonary hypertension. Results: White cell count : 7.91 X 109/L Red blood cell : 4.48 X 1012/L Haemoglobin : 133.00 g/dl Haematocrit : 42.00 ratio Mean cell volume : 93.80 fL Mean cell haemoglobin : 29.70 pg Mean cell haemoglobin conc. : 317.00 g/l Platelets : 141.00 X 109/L Differential count Neutrophils : 60.10% 4.76 X 109/L Lymphocytes : 25.30% 2.00 X 109/L Monocytes : 13.80% 1.09 X 109/L Eosinophils : 0.50% 0.04 X 109/L Basophils : 0.30% 0.02 X 109/L Interpretation: This is a normal full blood count result with normal total white count as well as normal haemoglobin levels. 2) Plain chest radiograph Justification: Done in order to look for evidence of chronic obstructive airway disease such as hyperinflated chest or evidence of congestive cardiac failure such as cardiomegaly and prominent upper lobe vessels. Results: Hyperinflation of the chest with the 7th anterior rib crossing the diaphragm. No other abnormalities seen. Interpretation: Hyperinflation of the lung fields is consistent with the provisional diagnosis of chronic obstructive airway disease. 3) Sputum FEME, culture and sensitivity (not done) Justification: In order to look for any bacteria which may have been the cause of the exacerbation . If there any organism cultured, proper antibiotics can be given based on the sensitivity test. 4) Arterial blood gas (not done) Justification: May be necessary in severe cases of breathlessness to look for respiratory failure and associated changes in blood pH. 5) Blood urea serum electrolytes and creatinine Justification: To look for renal impairment which may be present due to Mr TLT having hypertension. Renal impairment may also affect the dosage and type of antibiotics used. Results: Urea : 3.7mmol/L Sodium : 135 mmol/L Potassium : 3.7 mmol/L Creatinine : 65 umol/L Interpretation: Normal result. There is no renal impairment 6) Electrocardiogram Justification: To look for evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy or right atrial hypertrophy which may be seen in chronic lung disease. Results: ECG with sinus rhythm. There is no P pulmonale seen. There is low voltage seen. No ischaemic changes seen. No left ventricular hypertrophy. Interpretation: Normal ECG with low voltage is seen in a hyperinflated chest such as in patients with COPD STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 7) WORKING DIAGNOSIS AND PLAN OF MANAGEMENT ON ADMISSION Working diagnosis: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive airway disease due to upper respiratory tract infection My proposed plan of management is as follows: Acute management 1. Provide supplemental oxygen via nasal prong 3L/min and maintain SpO2 above 90%. Arterial blood gas should be done in order to ensure adequate oxygenation without carbon dioxide retention of acidosis. 2. Close monitoring of vital signs and SpO2 hourly until the patients breathlessness improves. Nursing staff to inform if patient deteriorates such as increased respiratory rate or drop in oxygen saturation below 92%. 3. Give nebulization of Ipratropium Bromide:Salbutamol:Normal Saline in ratio of 2:2:1 every four hours until breathlessness decreases. 4. Oral prednisolone 40mg once daily for 10 days 5. Postural drainage and chest physiotherapy may be performed. 6. Oral antibiotics such as T. Cefuroxime may be given. This was not given in this patient with further discussion below. Long term management 1. MDI ipratropium bromide 40 microgrammes tds 2. MDI salbutamol 200 microgrammes PRN 3. Counseling on proper inhaler technique. 4. Couseling on smoking cessation. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 8) SUMMARY OF INPATIENT PROGRESS (INCLUDING MAJOR EVENTS, CHANGE OF DIAGNOSIS OR MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOMES) Mr TLT was warded for a total of 3 days. His breathlessness improved after nebulization with ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and normal saline for one day. He no longer required nebulization after one day. Mr TLT was also able to ambulate without feeling breathless. He was able to eat and to sleep well without being bothered by the dyspnoea. His vital signs were also normal and his respiratory rate improved to about 20 breaths per minute. There was still some ronchi heard on auscultation but it was much reduced. He was afebrile during his stay. Mr TLT was discharged after 3 days of admission and educated on chronic obstructive airway disease. He was also counseled on the importance of smoking cessation. He was given an appointment with the medical outpatient department in one month time in order to review his symptoms after being given MDI ipratropium bromide. He was told to return to the hospital if he had similar episodes. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 9) DISCHARGE PLAN, COUNSELLING AND MOCK PRESCRIPTION Discharge Plan 1. Medications: i. MDI Salbutamol 200 µg PRN ii. MDI Ipratropium Bromide 40 µg TDS iii. T. Amlodipine 5mg once daily iv. T. Prednisolone 20mg od for 7 days. 2. Counseling on COPD and use of metered dose inhaler Mr TLT should be taught about the correct technique in using a metered dose inhaler. The technique should then be assessed before discharge. In the event that Mr TLT is unable to coordinate well, he may be advised to purchase an aerochamber. 3. Counseling on smoking cessation The approach to counseling a patient on smoking cessation as well as various options will be further discussed below. 4. Education on the symptoms of an acute exacerbation and advise to return to the hospital if there is development of those symptoms. 5. For follow-up at the medical outpatient department for review of symptoms while on MDI ipratropium bromide. He should also be taught about pulmonary rehabilitation. A spirometry appointment may also be made. STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 10) REFERRAL LETTER (MANDATORY) Dr Tan Hai Liang Medical Department, Hospital Batu Pahat Family physician, Klinik Kesihatan Batu Pahat, 83000 Batu Pahat, 10 June 2009 Dear esteemed colleague, Patients name: Teo Lai Thing Patients I/c number: 510912-01-6343 Problem: Chronic Obstructive Airway disease Thank you for seeing this 58 year old gentleman who is hypertensive for the past 1 year currently on T. Amlodipine 5mg once daily. He presented to Hospital Batu Pahat with shortness of breath for 4 days that was increasing in severity. A diagnosis of chronic obstructive airway disease was made. He was discharged uneventfully on the third day of admission with the following medication: MDI Salbutamol 200 µg PRN, MDI Ipratropium Bromide 40 µg TDS and T. Amlodipine 5mg once daily. Mr Teo has been a chronic smoker for the past 40 years and smokes up to 20 sticks of cigarettes a day. We have counselled him about the benefits of smoking cessation while in the ward. He is currently considering it and would like to learn more about the various options of smoking cessation. Kindly assess the patients keenness for smoking cessation as well as provide him with additional information on the options available to quit smoking. Thank you. Sincerely ____________ (Tan Hai Liang) Medical Department Hospital Batu Pahat STUDENT NAME: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Prof Khin ROTATION: Internal Medicine 11) LEARNING ISSUES IN THE 8 IMU OUTCOMES 1) Communication skills What are the benefits of smoking cessation in COPD patients and how should counseling be done? Counseling for smoking cessation should play a significant role in the holistic management of a patient with chronic obstructive airway disease. This is because studies have shown that smoking cessation changes the clinical course of COPD by preserving lung function. One study of patients reviewed at 14.5 years after stopping smoking showed that smoking cessation intervention showed 18% reduction in all-cause mortality compared with usual care without smoking cessation intervention. Patients who had stopped smoking had lower rates of death due of coronary heart disease , cerebrovascular disease, lung cancer, and other respiratory disease as compared with those assigned to usual care who continue to smoke. [1] Fig. 4. Effect of smoking cessation on mortality cause at 14.5 years in the Lung Health Study. (A) Comparison of smoking cessation intervention with usual care. (B) Comparison according to smoking status. I therefore looked up for counseling methods for smoking cessation. The American College of Chest Physicians recommend that physicians should be the first line in introducing smoking cessation. [2] There are 5 As that a doctor should perform for a patient who is a smoker: †¢ Ask about tobacco use at every visit †¢ Advise tobacco users to quit †¢ Assess the willingness to attempt quitting †¢ Assist the patient with methods for quitting †¢ Arrange for follow-up contact via phone or face to face If the patient is not yet willing to quit, there are 5 Rs which should be identified together by the patient and the doctor: †¢ Relevance of quitting for the patient †¢ Risks of illness related to continued tobacco use †¢ Rewerds/benefits of smoking cessation †¢ Roadblocks for quitting, internal and external †¢ Repetition of the motivation intervention at each encounter There are two means of intervention in smoking cessation namely pharmacological and behavioural. The pharmacological means include nicotine replacement therapy or buproprion. Behavioural interventions include counseling programs that teach problem-solving skills and support groups. [3] In conclusion, I learned that doctors have an important role in actively encouraging patients who smoke to stop as there are many proven benefits of smoking cessation. The steps discussed above on techniques in the counseling of patients would be helpful to me in the future. 2) Professionalism, ethics and personal development Should antibiotics be given for episodes of exacerbation of chronic obstructive airway disease? Mr TLT was not given antibiotics during this episode of exacerbation. Certain quarters support the use of prophylactic antibiotics in all exacerbations due to the knowledge that most exacerbations are caused by the common organisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis). Sputum culture may not be useful as even in the clinical stable state, some patients have sputum positive for bacteria. As such a broad spectrum antibiotic is usually used to cover different bacteria. However, is this use of antibiotics justified in that do patients benefit from it or is the overjudicious use of antibiotics merely promoting antibiotic resistant bacteria? Current Global initiative for chronic Lung Disease guidelines [4] recommend that antibiotics should be given in: i) patients with exacerbations of COPD and the three cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnoea, increased sputum volume and increased sputum purulence. ii) patients with exacerbation of COPD with two of the cardinal symptoms if increased purulence of sputum is one of the two symptoms iii) patients with severe exacerbations of COPD that requires mechanical ventilation A meta-analysis by Ram et al [5] of 11 placebo controlled RCTs with 917 patients attempted to analyse the value of antibiotics in the management of acute COPD exacerbations. The results show that there is a decrease in short-term mortality, treatment failure and sputum purulence with antibiotic therapy compared to placebo. The authors concluded that antibiotics therapy is appropriate in exacerbations of COPD associated with increased cough and sputum purulence. They further found that antibiotics have the greatest effect for patients with severe exacerbations who are admitted to the hospital. They were unable to comment on exacerbations with non-purulent sputum, what antibiotics were the best to be used and also the duration of therapy due to the lack of RCTs done on these aspects. In conclusion, it was appropriate that Mr TLT was not given antibiotics as he did not have the cardinal signs as mentioned by the GOLD guidelines and further supported by the systemic review. 3) Self directed life long learning What are extrapulmonary manifestations of COPD and what are its therapeutic implications? Chronic obstructive lung disease has long been known as a localized pulmonary disorder. However new evidence have shown that COPD may be a systemic disease that involves pathology in several extra-pulmonary systems. An article by Remels et al [6] summarized the extrapulmonary manifestations as well as its implications on the holistic management of chronic obstructive airway disease. The article showed that there is skeletal muscle dysfunction as well as systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive airway disease. There is loss of muscle mass associated with impaired protein metabolism. The loss of muscle mass which is called sarcopenia may progress to cachexia. Studies have also shown that there is increased apoptosis of muscle cells at the cellular level. Independent of the loss of muscle mass is the reduced muscle endurance. This finding has been attributed to abnormalities in mitochondria or to hypoxia. These findings have significant implications on management of a COPD patient which will be discussed below. Systemic inflammation is also seen in patients with COPD. This is evidenced by elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and TNF-a receptors. The origin of the systemic inflammation is thought to be independent of the pulmonary manifestation of COPD. One postulation is the increase systemic inflammatory mediators such as neutrophils and lymphocytes in the circulation of patients with COPD. Another proposed mechanism is increased cytokine production due to chronic hypoxia. The therapeutic implications of these findings is that muscle atrophy should be prevented by resistance exercise as well as combined strength and endurance exercise. Current Malaysian guidelines on the management of COPD [7] recommend pulmonary resistance including lower and upper limb exercises as well as inspiratory muscle training. This concurs with a Cochrane metaanalysis by Lacasse et al [8] which strongly support respiratory at least four weeks of exercise training as part of the of management for patients with COPD. The authors found that there was clinically and statistically significant improvements in quality of life as measured by dyspnea, fatigue and emotional function. 4. Critical thinking and research What is the efficacy of systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airway disese? The use of systemic oral or intravenous corticosteroids is recommended by GOLD guidelines in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airway disease. However the patient, Mr TLT was not given any systemic corticosteroids. This could be because he merely had a mild exacerbation. I therefore looked up a Cochrane metaanalysis on the use of systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airway disease [9]. The authors reviewed randomized controlled trials comparing parenteral or oral corticosteroids with placebo for the treatment of exacerbation of COPD. The primary outcomes measured were treatment failure (hospital readmission, return to emergency department), relapse and mortality. The authors reviewed 11 studies involving 1081 participants. The results show a statistically significant difference between placebo and use of corticosteoids. There was less treatment failure in patients given corticosteroids. Relapse within 30 days were also reduced. However there was no statistically significant reduction in mortality. As such the authors concluded that administration of oral or parenteral corticosteroids in the treatment of acute exacerbations of COPD reduces the likelihood of treatment failure. This is associated with early and continuing improvement during treatment with corticosteroids in lung function, breathlessness and blood gases and with a shorter hospital stay. This in turn has a positve impact on the economic cost of treating exacerbations, with fewer follow-up visits and hospital admissions. The authors also found that although there is an increased incidence of corticosteroid side effects such as fluid retention, hypertension and adrenal suppression, the effects are unlikely to persist after treatment ceases. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE WORKSHEET FOR REVIEW OF THERAPY STUDIES ASKING QUESTION Patient (P): Patients who present with stable COPD Intervention (I): Oral corticosteroids Comparison (C): Placebo Outcome (O): Effects on health status ACCESSING EVIDENCE THE SEARCH PATH How was the article identified: The Cochrane Library Search keywords : corticosteroids, stable COPD Citation: Walters JAE,Walters EH,Wood-Baker R.Oral corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. 1. Is

Fairy Tale Love Essays -- essays papers

Fairy Tale Love Once upon a time there was a beautiful young woman. She had bleached blonde hair, sparkling ocean blue eyes, and a super model figure. After struggling with life’s challenges for a few years a strong, dark, handsome stock broker came along and rescued her. It was love at first sight. They got married, had one boy and one girl (in that order), and then lived happily ever after. At one point in time I believed this modern day dream was a realistic outlook on love. My opinion of this fairy tale story has been changed throughout the lessons of this course. I set my expectations as a child as to what love should be. Through movies, TV, magazines, and music these ideas were implanted in my mind. This course and personal experiences have opened my eyes to a more realistic approach to love. In the beginning, we are all naà ¯ve and innocent. Characters such as Charity from Summer portrays this idea. I related to her naivetà © and remembered how easily I became blinded by love. After becoming romantically involved with Harney, she was swept up by her emotions and lost all contact with reality. â€Å"He had caught her up and carried her away into a new world† (Summer 178). The first time I fell in love, I believed that the world revolved around him just as Charity did with Harney. I became oblivious to reality and the truth of the situation. My love as well as Charity’s, was so bent by the truth that we could only see what we wanted to. Charity was swept up in this fairy tale love that she believed would never end. When reality finally overtook her, she could not find the strength to overcome the black and white situation in front of her. â€Å"She had not the strength to shake off the spell that bound, she saw only the par... ...thought with one mind, and maintained an annoying privacy† (39). I thought romantic love should be like their bond, private and consumed in their own domain like Charity and Harney. This class has taught me to look beyond the set construct that modern day culture presses on us. I believe that love is the most abstract concept humans try to conceive. I do not think that any one view love is correct. As you age and mature, your impressions of love change. The main point I got out of the class was just the simple idea of looking past the emotions that are so unconstrained, to see the situation and true meaning for what it really is. In the future, I will no longer approach relationships and love as the fairy tale concept. Because in the end there is no happily ever after. Bibliography: Wharton, Edith. Summer. New York: Simon and Schuster 1917.

3 Basic Inventory Techniques or Cost Flow Assumptions: Fifo (Stands for First-in, First-Out), Lifo (Stands for Last-in, First-Out) and Wavg (Stands for Weighted †Average)

4. 3| As a management accounting compare and contrast the above methods and recommend suitable method to achieve the organizational objective| P2. 3,M3. 3,D1. 1| Assignment| One of the most important knowledge about accounting is 3 basic inventory techniques or cost flow assumptions: FIFO (stands for first-in, first-out), LIFO (stands for last-in, first-out) and WAVG (stands for weighted – average). In this article, I just want to focus on FIFO and LIFO. Let's review these concepts:FIFO means that the oldest inventory items are recorded as sold first but do not necessarily mean that the exact newest physical object has been tracked and sold. LIFO on the other hand means the exact opposite, the most recently purchased items are recorded as sold first. For example, a bakery produces 100 cakes on Monday at a cost of $1 each, and 100 more on Tuesday at $1. 25 each. FIFO states that if the bakery sold 100 cakes on Wednesday, the COGS is $1 per one cake (recorded on the income state ment) because that was the cost of each of the first cakes in inventory. The $1. 5 cakes would be allocated to ending inventory (appears on the balance sheet). In contrast, LIFO states that the same bakery would assign $1. 25 per cake to COGS, while the remaining $1 cakes would be used to calculate the value of inventory at the end of the period. Any company can use either FIFO or LIFO to sell their stuffs. If inflation didn't exist, both FIFO and LIFO methods would produce the exact same results. As the example above, when prices are stable, our bakery would be able to produce all of its loafs of bread at $1, and FIFO, LIFO would give us a cost of $1 per one cake.But our economy seems more complicated; prices tend to rise, which means the choice of accounting method can dramatically affect company profit. We can easily see that, if the selling price is increasing day by day, choosing the FIFO method of accounting will have the opposite affect. FIFO will help company gain more profi t. It means the inventory that you sell costs you less than the inventory that you have remaining. Therefore, the choice of FIFO accounting results in lower COGS on the income statement vs.LIFO and a higher inventory valuation on your balance sheet vs. LIFO LIFO isn't a good choice in inflation because the leftover inventory might be extremely old and, perhaps, obsolete. This results in a valuation that is much lower than today's prices. But we can't always use FIFO method because in some special situations, LIFO is the better choice. For instance, in the deflation economy, we should choose LIFO because the price will go down gradually. The newer products we sell first, the better profit we will get.One more reason for companies to consider LIFO is Tax. Because FIFO results in lower COGS on the income statement, it will make higher earnings. But when earnings are higher, taxes are also higher. And when taxes are higher, after-tax earnings become lower. On the other hand, LIFO result s in lower pre-tax earnings (since COGS are higher) and therefore it gets lower taxes and higher after-tax earnings. The process to choose FIFO or LIFO isn't simple at all, it requires the accountants to analysis carefully to give the best choice for any company.

In Search for Excellence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2517 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? In Search of Excellence| A review of the elements and the book. | | | | | 8/30/2010| | Thomas Friedman in his book â€Å"The World is Flat† outlines how the entire world is shrinking and become a close net ball replete with information highways transferring data, ideas and meaningful business information at a pace that was never imagined before. In the same way the concept of â€Å"speed† is conceptually driven in the mind of business leaders by Bill Gates in his famous book. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "In Search for Excellence" essay for you Create order Scores of management books today are being churned out virtually every day and it’s very difficult to judge how impactful they might be for the time they represent. What works for today has often been seen to be redundant the next time. In Search of Excellence, a revolutionary book by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman, published in 1982, changed the way business looked at itself for that decade and also became the reference point of debates, business ideas and strategies even till date. Even though critics have labeled the book as being â€Å"deficient in Theories† and lacking is strong models that come out of theories, it nevertheless has impacted business worldwide to change the way they function. The Book The Book was fallout of a project conducted by McKinsey in the year 1972. There were two projects first and major one, the Business Strategy Project, was allocated to top consultants at McKinseys New York corporate HQ and was given star billing and later was branded as a total failure. The second weak-sister project concerned Organization structure and people. The Organization project was seen as less important, and was allocated to Peters and Waterman at San Francisco. Peter went berserk on this project and travelled the entire globe talking to CEO’s, business entrepreneurs, Consultants on business and Teams with no aim to chart out a â€Å"business model or a plan. What culminated after this was a mammoth 700 page presentation which was later pruned down to produce the eight themes. The platform for the book was however adopted from McKinsey 7-S Model Elements as shown below:- The Eight Themes 1. A Bias for Action: The name of the title clearly gives an indication that the ultimate goal of an organization is about the results. The effort is impo rtant but unless results are seen, the effort is rendered futile. The methodology any organization can opt for is to enable a platform of seamless information exchange. This will ensure that communication permeates the very fabric of an organizational setup and this can be achieved only if the communication line and processes are flexible and open. The main reason being that such a setup of built in flexibility ensures quick transmission, interpretation, analysis of information and break up of those information into action points. The basis of such a platform is simple. The almost trivial experiment task force, small groups, temporary structure etc all lead to action orientation. Management needs to get out of the office and out and about to communicate with the people of the organization. E. g. of such can be the introduction of the IBM’s System 360 or a 3 day ad hoc task force at Digital. These companies despite their vast size have been able to keep communication simple and have not been transfixed with organizational charts and job descriptions. The basic aim as can be put in words is to ensure experimentation. Companies like Betchel, TI, Digital, Fluor, Emerson, IBM, Dana, Boeing have developed such systems that enables even the most senior leadership employees communicate with people bypassing the obstacle posed by time. 2. Close to the Customer: The main objective of every company is customer focus however not every company can follow it because as Peters and Waterman put it, that despite of all the lip service that is given to market orientation in today’s world, the customer is either ignored or considered as a bloody nuisance. Excellent companies get up close and personal with their customers and one of the company that does that better than anyone else is HP. The main intent of such a company as clearly elaborated by John Doyle is that the best companies are looking at getting the nest product generation into the customer’s premises. Dell does that in terms of it PC BUSINESS where the internet bridges the distance barrier and customers can easily customize their laptops according to their specification. IBM again is referred to in the book as a company that will sell the Brooklyn bridge to its customers like it’s no tomorrow. The other company that did it betters than the most, even better than IBM, was Lanier who ensured that its customers were the closest. Other examples include Disney and McDonalds and have been rated as the best Mass Service providers in America. 3. Autonomy and Entrepreneurship: Tom and Robert have laid emphasis that the very thing that made companies become behemoths in their game of play is being disregarded: innovation. A survey was taken which clearly highlighted that small firms produced about four times more innovation than medium sized firms and about twenty-four times more than large firms. The reason was pointed out as the lack of autonomy in the big firms. Small firms encourage the entrepreneurial spirit among the people while the top notch ones are entangled in bureaucracy. Companies like 3M, IBM, TI, GE, Bristol Meyers were all involved in bootlegging, killing programs and certain degree of madness all around. This fostered â€Å"Champions† to come out and shine in their full glory. The theory of the champions being irrational was given all due credit and became the underlying principle of such companies. The freedom to engage is circuits, groups and function as autonomous bodies with optimum levels of decentralization has fostered Autonomy and led to the spirit of innovation develop around the cultural premises of such organizations. The success of companies such as GE, Wang, J. J, Bloomingdale have more would be champions than their competitors with 3M being the case to be looked into as the forerunner in innovation, entrepreneurial spirit and autonomy to its divisions. The company hence fosters in-house competition, with intense communication and is able to tolerate failure. 4. Productivity through People: The most valuable asset of an organization today are its people. The companies who have valued people have seen to excel more rapidly than those who treat them as second best. The Japanese regarded people as the front- Enders of the business and considered them to be the ones who knew business the best. They keep telling their employees the same and that innovation and improvement must come from Genba (where the action is). IBM’S philosophy of the treating the individual with respect, Delta’s philosophy of â€Å"Family Feeling†, HP’s HP- WAY and â€Å"Management by wandering around† are examples of some HR brands that have gone a lot way to improve productivity of the employees. The philosophy of treating employees as â€Å"workers† have a different affect than when it is when you call them â€Å"people†. The way to ensure productivity however does not involve only devising philosophies, it also means that such philosophies are backed up with heavy people centric management programs, rich systems of monetary and non-monetary benefits and amazing varieties of employee experimental programs. The notable success stories that the book highlights are:- * RMI:- a subsidiary of US Steel and National Distillers. The company was bedridden with low employee performance till they instituted the â€Å"pure corn-a mixture of schmaltzy, sloganeering, communications and a smile at every turn† . This lead to a huge dip in grievance related cases being reported and boosted the morale of the employees. * Hewlett-Packard:- The success of the â€Å"HP way† has won accolades across the world and a lot of companies are now trying to replicate a model for their own concerns. The 1970 recession hit HP in a big way but instead of downsizing the employees accepted a 10% pay cut and weathered the recession with its â€Å"family†. * Other success stories worth mentioning is that of Wal-Mart, Dana, Delta Airlines, McDonalds, IBM but due to words constraint it’s suggested to read the book. . Hands On, Value Driven: In today’s world of cut throat competition, firms are always looking at enhancing their competencies to gain a considerable competitive advantage in the domain/s they function. The emphasis is always on cutting costs, improving efficiency and in the bottom line without giving a thought to the importance to values in an organization. It always pays fo r a company to be value driven because that is the catalyst that will enable the company to leverage its human resources to attain high efficiency quotient. Companies always want to invest in models of budgeting, policies and procedures and organizational structure. These hardlines pail in front of an initiative that lays emphasis on values and culture. The book by Thomas Watson Jr wrote an entire book on Values in IBM called â€Å"A Business and Its Beliefs†. However designing a belief system is just the start as the employees right from the line employee to the CEO must adhere to the belief system else the system collapses with severe ramifications. Companies, great ones that is, are seldom hesitant in propagating their values and belief systems in the public. Frito lays tells stories on services, J;J tells stories on quality and 3M tells stories on Innovation. The best way to gauge if a company is serious about its values is through its annual reports. Great companies make it a point to announce their belief systems in their annual reports for the world to know. Some of the beliefs systems are as follows:- Delta Airlines: â€Å"There is a special relationship between Delta personnel that is rarely found in any firm, generating a team spirit that is evident in the individuals cooperative attitude towards others and pride in a job well done†. Dana: â€Å"The Dana style of management is getting everyone involved working hard to keep things simple. There are no policy manuals, stacked up layers of management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Dana style isnt complicated or fancy. It thrives on treating people with respect. It involves all Dana people in the life of the company. † Digital: â€Å"Digital believes that the highest degree of interaction in activities needs to be in the area of customer service and support† 6. Stick to the Knitting: Organizations that branch out remaining somewhat close to their primary skill will be more successful than organization that does mindless diversification. The most successful are the ones who are diversified around a single skill- eg the coating and bonding technology at 3M. The reason is simple. Organizations in the course of business always focus on their core competencies and the product line is based on the platform of core competency. The organization is hence able to leverage that process into designing products that have a high degree of product differentiation however an organization cannot have diversified core competencies because there is only so much to do and so much to specialize on. Mobil once attempted to diversify into retailing by acquiring Marcor and the result was a total disaster. If we look at certain companies and how they have stuck to the concept of â€Å"Knitting† we observe certain stories mound up. Boeing:- Observers, notes The Wall Street Journal, say Boeings strength comes from its almost singular devotion to the commercial airline market where it derives almost 90% of its revenue. â€Å"The other guys are too busy chasing military bucks, says one airline official. â€Å"At Boeing the airlines come first†. Fluor: Chairman Bob Fluor comments, We cant be everything to all people. Wal-Mart:- Wal-Marts extraordinary record of growth has come from an overpowering niche strategy. It has stayed in a dozen states. Sticking to what it knows best, if overpowers better financed and more deeply experienced organizations such as K Mart in its chosen area. Deere: Deeres president, Robert Hanson, states: Were sticking to the customers we know. Forbes adds: For years Deere has outperformed its archrival, International Harvester. Ha- allegiance was divided between its truck business and farm Machinery. Deere, by contrast, knew what its business was, who customers were, and what they wanted. Amoco:- The Wall Street Journal contrasts the successful straits of Amoco with its competitors: The wisdom guiding the mammoth oil acquisitions is that its cheaper to buy someone elses reserves than to develop them internally. But at Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), we dont believe that, not for ourselves, tea chairman John Swearingen. (Source: In search of Excellence by Tom Peters and Robert H Waterman) 7. Simple Form, Lean Staff: The size of the company is directly related to the level of complexity of the system, processes and the organizational structure. As the company grows, it adds to it other smaller companies, subsidiaries and complex processes in order to achieve perfect synergy between processes. The key to successful companies is however to ensure that as they grow, the process become simpler. This is a tough nut to crack and companies will dismiss it out rightly. The biggest enemy of the organisation, according to the author is â€Å"Matrix† structure and the only way to achieve simplicity is through divisional structure or Product based structure. The above mentioned structure with a tinge of flexibility proves to be the perfect recipe for organizations today. Companies like Frito lays, Kodak have achieved a lot by following such a platform and so is Johnson ; Johnson. 8. Simultaneous loose-tight properties: The last of the eight elements calls in for the existence of a loose-tight Model which can be translated to be the coexistence of the firms central direction and individuals autonomy. Companies that are loose- tight may be rigidly controlled, but they still foster entrepreneurship and innovation within the ranks. Some of the most exceptional companies like 3M, etc have the most tightly knit models where customer Focus, Customer service and Quality cannot be compromised but at the same time the Model also allows its people to be flexible and at the same time, innovative when it comes to operation. Criticism and Conclusion:- The book remains one of the most successful management books of all time. It sold copies by the millions and became the reference point for so many companies and their strategies. However the term used here, â€Å"reference point† bears testimony to the fact that the book was only theoretical and was criticized as lacking in practical Implications. We have little evidence that it changed corporate practices and produced substantive gains. The other main argument about the validity of the elements is that there exists no empirical evidence on the research done to show the objectivity of the claims and the conclusions. The choice of the companies branded excellent was also questionable as 1/3rd of the excellent companies were in financial difficulties after 5 years of publishing of the survey result. In an article in Fast Company, cited below, Peters remarked that the criticism that If these companies are so excellent, Peters, then why are they doing so badly now, in his opinion pretty much misses the point†. By Sani Sharsar 2010HR047